All risk factors

Eaten. A toxin made by moulds on crops such as maize, peanuts and tree nuts, mostly in warm, humid regions. Also found in meat and dairy from animals fed contaminated feed. Farm workers can breathe in dust from contaminated crops and feed.

Eaten and drunk. Beer, wine, spirits — risk rises with the amount consumed.

Breathed. Older insulation, ceiling tiles, vinyl flooring, vehicle brake pads, and some industrial products. Most current exposure comes from disturbing legacy materials during renovation.

Breathed. Gasoline vapours at the pump, vehicle exhaust, cigarette smoke, and occupational exposure in petrochemicals.

Prescription medication. Used to manage menopausal symptoms.

Prescription medication. Most widely used reversible contraceptive worldwide.

Breathed. Roadside air, fuelling stations, and occupational exposure in mining, transport, and mechanic work.

Infection. Spread through saliva; most adults are infected without symptoms. No vaccine yet.

Lifestyle. Body fat above what is considered healthy for height and frame, sustained over time.

Breathed. Off-gassing from particleboard, plywood, and other pressed-wood products; embalming fluids; some hair-smoothing salon treatments; certain manufacturing.

On skin and breathed. The active ingredient in many commercial and consumer weedkillers. Highest exposure is agricultural; home gardeners and landscapers also use it.

Infection. Lives in the stomach lining of about half the global population; passes between people, often in childhood. Testable and treatable with antibiotics.

Infection. Spread through blood, sexual contact, and mother-to-child at birth. Risk is substantially reduced by HBV vaccination, recommended by WHO as part of routine childhood immunisation.

Infection. Spread through blood-to-blood contact (shared needles, historical transfusions). Curable with antiviral treatment.

Eaten. Compounds that form when meat (beef, pork, chicken, fish) is cooked at very high temperatures — especially grilled over open flame, pan-fried until well-done, or barbecued.

Infection. Spread through sexual contact; most adults are exposed at some point. Risk is substantially reduced by HPV vaccination given in adolescence under national immunisation programmes.

Whole-body radiation. Medical imaging (CT scans, X-rays, certain treatments), some occupations (radiology, nuclear industry, flight crew), and rare environmental sources.

Lifestyle. Regular work shifts during the biological night that disrupt circadian rhythms — common in healthcare, transport, security, and manufacturing.

Breathed. Air pollution from traffic, industry, and burning of solid fuels. Everyone outdoors breathes some — the level depends on where you live.

Lifestyle. Not meeting WHO's minimum recommended physical activity (150 minutes of moderate-intensity per week for adults).

Eaten. Bacon, sausages, hot dogs, ham, deli meats, and other meat preserved by salting, curing, fermentation, or smoking.

Breathed. Naturally occurring radioactive gas that seeps up from soil and rock and can accumulate in basements and ground-floor rooms. Home test kits are inexpensive and mitigation works.

Eaten. Unprocessed beef, pork, lamb, and similar mammalian muscle meat.

Breathed. Breathing other people's tobacco smoke indoors — in homes, vehicles, and workplaces without smoke-free policies.

Chewed, dipped, or sniffed. Chewing tobacco, snuff, snus, and similar tobacco products taken without burning.

On skin and eyes. Time spent in sunlight without protection; highest exposure midday and at higher altitudes or lower latitudes.

Inhaled. Smoking cigarettes, cigars, pipes, water pipes, and other forms of burning tobacco.

On skin and eyes. Tanning beds and sunlamps. Risk is highest when use begins in adolescence or early adulthood.

Drunk. Tea, coffee, soup, mate, or other beverages consumed above 65 °C (149 °F). The temperature is what matters, not the drink — letting it cool reduces this exposure.

Breathed. Workers in synthetic rubber and plastics factories. Trace amounts in vehicle exhaust and tobacco smoke.

Eaten. Forms during high-temperature cooking of starchy foods — fried potatoes, crisps, toast, biscuits, and coffee roasting. Reducing browning reduces exposure.

Self-administered, usually injected. Non-medical use for muscle building in some athletic and bodybuilding communities.

Eaten. In some traditional herbal preparations and supplements containing Aristolochia species. Several countries have withdrawn these from the market.

Drunk. Naturally contaminated well water in some regions (parts of Bangladesh, India, Chile, parts of the US Southwest). Public water supplies in regulated jurisdictions are tested.

Prescription medication. Taken after organ transplant or for some autoimmune conditions to suppress the immune system.

Breathed. Almost entirely occupational — workers in aerospace, defence, electronics, and dental-lab manufacturing.

Chewed. Areca-nut and slaked-lime preparation, often with tobacco, traditional across South and Southeast Asia.

Breathed and eaten. Cigarette smoke is a major source. Also occupational (smelting, battery manufacture, painting) and small dietary amounts from shellfish and organ meats.

Prescription medication. Taken after organ transplant or for some autoimmune conditions to suppress the immune system.

Breathed and on skin. Occupational — workers in road paving, roofing, and aluminium smelting.

Breathed. Occupational — workers cutting, drilling, or grinding quartz-containing stone, including engineered countertop slabs. Sandblasting and mining are historical sources.

Historical medication. Prescribed to some pregnant women between roughly 1940 and the early 1970s; no longer prescribed for pregnancy anywhere. Some exposures persist in adult children and grandchildren of those who took it.

Eaten. Bioaccumulates in animal fat, so dietary exposure (meat, dairy, fish) dominates. Historical industrial accidents produced very high exposures in some communities.

Breathed. Occupational — workers in medical-device sterilisation plants. Communities near such plants can have elevated air exposure.

Breathed and on skin. Smoke, soot, and chemical byproducts of fires; occupational exposure throughout a firefighter's career.

Breathed. Almost entirely occupational — electroplating, stainless-steel welding, and pigment manufacture.

Infection. Spread through blood, sexual contact, and mother-to-child. Suppressible with antiretroviral therapy.

Infection. Spread through blood, sexual contact, and breastfeeding. Most common in Japan, the Caribbean, parts of Africa and South America.

Prescription medication. A common diuretic ("water pill") used to treat high blood pressure.

Breathed. Cooking or heating with wood, charcoal, dung, or crop residues — especially on open fires or unvented stoves. Roughly a third of the world cooks this way.

Breathed. Burning coal indoors for cooking or heating, especially in unvented stoves. Mainly a concern in regions where this is common practice.

Infection. Spread mainly through saliva. Most people who carry it never develop disease; risk concentrates in people with weakened immune systems.

Infection. Common skin virus most adults carry without symptoms.

On skin. Historical occupational exposure in metalworking and printing.

Breathed. Almost entirely occupational — workers in nickel refining, welding, and electroplating.

Infection. Caught from eating raw or undercooked freshwater fish in parts of Southeast Asia. Treatable with antiparasitic drugs.

Smoked, eaten, or used as a tea. Long-term use is most common in parts of Iran, Afghanistan, and surrounding regions.

Breathed and on skin. Occupational — house, commercial, and industrial painters exposed to solvents, pigments, and historical lead paint.

Drunk and eaten. Drinking water contaminated near PFAS manufacturing or use sites, plus low-level dietary exposure. PFOA persists in the body and the environment.

Eaten. Traditional Asian-style pickled vegetables prepared with high salt and fermentation, where they are dietary staples (parts of East and Southeast Asia).

Eaten. Contaminated fish from affected waterways. PCBs were banned decades ago but persist in older transformers, sealants, and sediments.

Breathed and on skin. Occupational — workers in tyre and rubber-product factories. Historical exposures were highest.

Eaten. Chinese-style preserved salted fish — especially when eaten in childhood. Strongest association in regions where it is a traditional staple.

Infection. Caught from swimming or wading in contaminated fresh water in parts of Africa and the Middle East. Treatable with antiparasitic drugs.

On skin. Historical and current occupational exposure — chimney sweeps were the first group recognised in 1775. Modern exposures occur in industrial cleaning.

Prescription medication. Used to treat hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer.

Breathed. Solvent used in dry cleaning. Dry-cleaning workers and people living near dry-cleaning facilities can be exposed.

Breathed and drunk. Industrial solvent used in metal degreasing; historical groundwater contamination near industrial and military sites is well documented.

Breathed. Occupational — workers in PVC plastic manufacture. Historical exposures were very high; modern controls have reduced workplace levels substantially.

Breathed. Occupational — fumes generated when welding metal. Local exhaust ventilation and respirators substantially reduce exposure.

Breathed. Occupational — woodworkers, carpenters, and joinery workers exposed to fine sawdust. Hardwood dust appears to carry higher risk than softwood.

Inherited. Passed down from a parent; can be identified through genetic testing, typically pursued after genetic counseling for people with relevant personal or family history.

Inherited. Passed down from a parent; identified through genetic testing, typically pursued after genetic counseling for people with relevant personal or family history.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Mostly industrial — used as a dye in textiles, leather, paper, or research. Some are or were used in cosmetics or food colouring; check the specific entry.

Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.

Occupational. Workers in this industry have measurable exposure to mixed chemicals, dusts, or processes characteristic of the work.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Mostly agricultural. Residues on produce; higher occupational exposure for farmworkers and pesticide applicators.

Classified by IARC as Group 2A — probably carcinogenic to humans. (Vol 7, Sup 7, 96, 2010)

Family history. Applies to people with a parent, sibling, or child who has had certain cancers.

Physical exposure — see description for the specific route (radiation, fibre, or dust).

Occupational. Workers in this industry have measurable exposure to mixed chemicals, dusts, or processes characteristic of the work.

Reproductive history. Applies to people who have their first full-term pregnancy after age 30.

Mostly occupational. Metal or metal compound — exposure mainly through industrial use, with some trace environmental exposure in contaminated areas.

Breathed and on skin. Industrial solvent — occupational exposure in cleaning, degreasing, and chemical manufacturing.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Occupational. Workers in this industry have measurable exposure to mixed chemicals, dusts, or processes characteristic of the work.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Reproductive history. Applies to people who have never carried a pregnancy to full term.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Classified by IARC as Group 1 — carcinogenic to humans. Strong evidence. (Vol 61, 100B, 2012)

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Mostly industrial — used as a dye in textiles, leather, paper, or research. Some are or were used in cosmetics or food colouring; check the specific entry.

Biological / developmental. Applies to people whose first menstrual period occurred before age 12.

Radiation exposure. Historical medical use, occupational (nuclear industry, radiology), or environmental contamination.

Breathed. Occupational exposure to airborne fibres — historical insulation, building products, or industrial materials.

Occupational. Workers in this industry have measurable exposure to mixed chemicals, dusts, or processes characteristic of the work.

Biological / developmental. Applies to people who reach natural menopause after age 55.

Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.

Reproductive history. Applies to people who did not breastfeed, or breastfed for a shorter cumulative duration.

Radiation exposure. Historical medical use, occupational (nuclear industry, radiology), or environmental contamination.

Radiation exposure. Historical medical use, occupational (nuclear industry, radiology), or environmental contamination.

Radiation exposure. Historical medical use, occupational (nuclear industry, radiology), or environmental contamination.

Radiation exposure. Historical medical use, occupational (nuclear industry, radiology), or environmental contamination.

Radiation exposure. Historical medical use, occupational (nuclear industry, radiology), or environmental contamination.

Breathed and on skin. Industrial solvent — occupational exposure in cleaning, degreasing, and chemical manufacturing.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Mostly industrial — used as a dye in textiles, leather, paper, or research. Some are or were used in cosmetics or food colouring; check the specific entry.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Mostly industrial — used as a dye in textiles, leather, paper, or research. Some are or were used in cosmetics or food colouring; check the specific entry.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Breathed and on skin. Industrial solvent — occupational exposure in cleaning, degreasing, and chemical manufacturing.

Breathed and on skin. Industrial solvent — occupational exposure in cleaning, degreasing, and chemical manufacturing.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Mostly occupational, via air. Used as a soil fumigant before planting crops like strawberries, tomatoes, and peppers. It volatilizes and breaks down before harvest, so it is not established as a residue in the food — the documented risk is airborne exposure for applicators, farmworkers, and people near treated fields.

Breathed and eaten. Combustion byproduct found in vehicle exhaust, cigarette smoke, smoke from burning wood, and grilled or charred food.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Breathed and eaten. Combustion byproduct found in vehicle exhaust, cigarette smoke, smoke from burning wood, and grilled or charred food.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Mostly industrial — used as a dye in textiles, leather, paper, or research. Some are or were used in cosmetics or food colouring; check the specific entry.

Mostly occupational. Reactive industrial chemical used to make plastics or coatings; meaningful exposure is limited to factory workers and chemical handlers.

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 101, 2013)

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Breathed and eaten. Combustion byproduct found in vehicle exhaust, cigarette smoke, smoke from burning wood, and grilled or charred food.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Mostly agricultural. Residues on produce; higher occupational exposure for farmworkers and pesticide applicators.

Breathed and on skin. Industrial solvent — occupational exposure in cleaning, degreasing, and chemical manufacturing.

Breathed and on skin. Industrial solvent — occupational exposure in cleaning, degreasing, and chemical manufacturing.

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 101, 2013)

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Breathed and on skin. Industrial solvent — occupational exposure in cleaning, degreasing, and chemical manufacturing.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 84, 2004)

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 101, 2013)

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Mostly industrial — used as a dye in textiles, leather, paper, or research. Some are or were used in cosmetics or food colouring; check the specific entry.

Mostly industrial — used as a dye in textiles, leather, paper, or research. Some are or were used in cosmetics or food colouring; check the specific entry.

Mostly industrial — used as a dye in textiles, leather, paper, or research. Some are or were used in cosmetics or food colouring; check the specific entry.

Breathed and eaten. Combustion byproduct found in vehicle exhaust, cigarette smoke, smoke from burning wood, and grilled or charred food.

Breathed and eaten. Combustion byproduct found in vehicle exhaust, cigarette smoke, smoke from burning wood, and grilled or charred food.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 101, 2013)

Breathed and eaten. Combustion byproduct found in vehicle exhaust, cigarette smoke, smoke from burning wood, and grilled or charred food.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Breathed and eaten. Combustion byproduct found in vehicle exhaust, cigarette smoke, smoke from burning wood, and grilled or charred food.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 40, Sup 7, 1987)

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 36, Sup 7, 71, 1999)

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Mostly occupational. Reactive industrial chemical used to make plastics or coatings; meaningful exposure is limited to factory workers and chemical handlers.

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 31, Sup 7, 1987)

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Mostly industrial — used as a dye in textiles, leather, paper, or research. Some are or were used in cosmetics or food colouring; check the specific entry.

Mostly occupational. Metal or metal compound — exposure mainly through industrial use, with some trace environmental exposure in contaminated areas.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Breathed and eaten. Combustion byproduct found in vehicle exhaust, cigarette smoke, smoke from burning wood, and grilled or charred food.

Breathed and eaten. Combustion byproduct found in vehicle exhaust, cigarette smoke, smoke from burning wood, and grilled or charred food.

Breathed and eaten. Combustion byproduct found in vehicle exhaust, cigarette smoke, smoke from burning wood, and grilled or charred food.

Breathed and eaten. Combustion byproduct found in vehicle exhaust, cigarette smoke, smoke from burning wood, and grilled or charred food.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Mostly industrial — used as a dye in textiles, leather, paper, or research. Some are or were used in cosmetics or food colouring; check the specific entry.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 101, 2013)

Breathed and on skin. Industrial solvent — occupational exposure in cleaning, degreasing, and chemical manufacturing.

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 40, Sup 7, 1987)

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 56, 1993)

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Mostly occupational. Industrial nanomaterial — exposure mainly through manufacture, processing, and handling.

Breathed and on skin. Industrial solvent — occupational exposure in cleaning, degreasing, and chemical manufacturing.

Occupational. Workers in this industry have measurable exposure to mixed chemicals, dusts, or processes characteristic of the work.

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 31, Sup 7, 1987)

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Mostly agricultural. Residues on produce; higher occupational exposure for farmworkers and pesticide applicators.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Breathed and on skin. Industrial solvent — occupational exposure in cleaning, degreasing, and chemical manufacturing.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Breathed and eaten. Combustion byproduct found in vehicle exhaust, cigarette smoke, smoke from burning wood, and grilled or charred food.

Mostly industrial — used as a dye in textiles, leather, paper, or research. Some are or were used in cosmetics or food colouring; check the specific entry.

Mostly industrial — used as a dye in textiles, leather, paper, or research. Some are or were used in cosmetics or food colouring; check the specific entry.

Mostly industrial — used as a dye in textiles, leather, paper, or research. Some are or were used in cosmetics or food colouring; check the specific entry.

Mostly industrial — used as a dye in textiles, leather, paper, or research. Some are or were used in cosmetics or food colouring; check the specific entry.

Mostly occupational. Metal or metal compound — exposure mainly through industrial use, with some trace environmental exposure in contaminated areas.

Mostly occupational. Metal or metal compound — exposure mainly through industrial use, with some trace environmental exposure in contaminated areas.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Breathed and on skin. Industrial solvent — occupational exposure in cleaning, degreasing, and chemical manufacturing.

Eaten. A toxin found in certain wild plants — most commonly consumed via contaminated herbal teas, supplements, or grain crops harvested with weeds.

Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.

Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Breathed and eaten. Combustion byproduct found in vehicle exhaust, cigarette smoke, smoke from burning wood, and grilled or charred food.

Breathed and eaten. Combustion byproduct found in vehicle exhaust, cigarette smoke, smoke from burning wood, and grilled or charred food.

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 101, 2013)

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 52, 71, 101, 2013)

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 63, 84, 106, 2014)

Mostly agricultural. Residues on produce; higher occupational exposure for farmworkers and pesticide applicators.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Mostly occupational. Reactive industrial chemical used to make plastics or coatings; meaningful exposure is limited to factory workers and chemical handlers.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 10, Sup 7, 1987)

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Occupational. Workers in this industry have measurable exposure to mixed chemicals, dusts, or processes characteristic of the work.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Occupational. Workers in this industry have measurable exposure to mixed chemicals, dusts, or processes characteristic of the work.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Eaten. Mould contamination on improperly stored grains, nuts, dried fruit, or coffee — especially in warm, humid storage conditions.

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 63, 1995)

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 108, 2016)

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 40, Sup 7, 1987)

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 108, 2016)

Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.

Mostly agricultural. Residues on produce; higher occupational exposure for farmworkers and pesticide applicators.

Mostly agricultural. Residues on produce; higher occupational exposure for farmworkers and pesticide applicators.

Mostly agricultural. Residues on produce; higher occupational exposure for farmworkers and pesticide applicators.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Infection. Spread through blood, sexual contact, and mother-to-child. Less common worldwide than HIV-1.

Breathed and eaten. Combustion byproduct found in vehicle exhaust, cigarette smoke, smoke from burning wood, and grilled or charred food.

Mostly occupational. Metal or metal compound — exposure mainly through industrial use, with some trace environmental exposure in contaminated areas.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 104, 2014)

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 108, 2016)

Eaten. A toxin found in certain wild plants — most commonly consumed via contaminated herbal teas, supplements, or grain crops harvested with weeds.

Mostly occupational. Metal or metal compound — exposure mainly through industrial use, with some trace environmental exposure in contaminated areas.

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 40, Sup 7, 1987)

Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol Sup 7, 56, 1993)

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol Sup 7, 56, 1993)

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 10, Sup 7, 1987)

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 101, 2013)

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 94, 2010)

Mostly agricultural. Residues on produce; higher occupational exposure for farmworkers and pesticide applicators.

Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.

Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.

Mostly occupational. Metal or metal compound — exposure mainly through industrial use, with some trace environmental exposure in contaminated areas.

Eaten. A toxin found in certain wild plants — most commonly consumed via contaminated herbal teas, supplements, or grain crops harvested with weeds.

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 7, Sup 7, 1987)

Eaten or breathed. Forms in cured meats (bacon, ham), in tobacco smoke, and in some industrial processes. Trace dietary exposure for most people; higher occupational exposure in rubber and leather industries.

Eaten or breathed. Forms in cured meats (bacon, ham), in tobacco smoke, and in some industrial processes. Trace dietary exposure for most people; higher occupational exposure in rubber and leather industries.

Eaten or breathed. Forms in cured meats (bacon, ham), in tobacco smoke, and in some industrial processes. Trace dietary exposure for most people; higher occupational exposure in rubber and leather industries.

Eaten or breathed. Forms in cured meats (bacon, ham), in tobacco smoke, and in some industrial processes. Trace dietary exposure for most people; higher occupational exposure in rubber and leather industries.

Eaten or breathed. Forms in cured meats (bacon, ham), in tobacco smoke, and in some industrial processes. Trace dietary exposure for most people; higher occupational exposure in rubber and leather industries.

Eaten or breathed. Forms in cured meats (bacon, ham), in tobacco smoke, and in some industrial processes. Trace dietary exposure for most people; higher occupational exposure in rubber and leather industries.

Eaten or breathed. Forms in cured meats (bacon, ham), in tobacco smoke, and in some industrial processes. Trace dietary exposure for most people; higher occupational exposure in rubber and leather industries.

Eaten or breathed. Forms in cured meats (bacon, ham), in tobacco smoke, and in some industrial processes. Trace dietary exposure for most people; higher occupational exposure in rubber and leather industries.

Eaten or breathed. Forms in cured meats (bacon, ham), in tobacco smoke, and in some industrial processes. Trace dietary exposure for most people; higher occupational exposure in rubber and leather industries.

Eaten or breathed. Forms in cured meats (bacon, ham), in tobacco smoke, and in some industrial processes. Trace dietary exposure for most people; higher occupational exposure in rubber and leather industries.

Mostly industrial — used as a dye in textiles, leather, paper, or research. Some are or were used in cosmetics or food colouring; check the specific entry.

Mostly industrial — used as a dye in textiles, leather, paper, or research. Some are or were used in cosmetics or food colouring; check the specific entry.

Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Mostly agricultural. Residues on produce; higher occupational exposure for farmworkers and pesticide applicators.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Eaten. Mould contamination on improperly stored grains, nuts, dried fruit, or coffee — especially in warm, humid storage conditions.

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 8, Sup 7, 1987)

Breathed and on skin. Industrial solvent — occupational exposure in cleaning, degreasing, and chemical manufacturing.

Mostly industrial — used as a dye in textiles, leather, paper, or research. Some are or were used in cosmetics or food colouring; check the specific entry.

Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Mostly industrial — used as a dye in textiles, leather, paper, or research. Some are or were used in cosmetics or food colouring; check the specific entry.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Mostly industrial — used as a dye in textiles, leather, paper, or research. Some are or were used in cosmetics or food colouring; check the specific entry.

Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.

Breathed and on skin. Industrial solvent — occupational exposure in cleaning, degreasing, and chemical manufacturing.

Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Mostly occupational. Reactive industrial chemical used to make plastics or coatings; meaningful exposure is limited to factory workers and chemical handlers.

Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 56, 1993)

Mostly industrial — used as a dye in textiles, leather, paper, or research. Some are or were used in cosmetics or food colouring; check the specific entry.

Mostly industrial — used as a dye in textiles, leather, paper, or research. Some are or were used in cosmetics or food colouring; check the specific entry.

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol Sup 7, 73, 1999)

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Occupational. Workers in this industry have measurable exposure to mixed chemicals, dusts, or processes characteristic of the work.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Breathed and on skin. Industrial solvent — occupational exposure in cleaning, degreasing, and chemical manufacturing.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 108, 2016)

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Eaten. A toxin found in certain wild plants — most commonly consumed via contaminated herbal teas, supplements, or grain crops harvested with weeds.

Eaten. A toxin found in certain wild plants — most commonly consumed via contaminated herbal teas, supplements, or grain crops harvested with weeds.

Classified by IARC as Group 2B — possibly carcinogenic to humans. Evidence is limited. (Vol 61, 1994)

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Eaten. Mould contamination on improperly stored grains, nuts, dried fruit, or coffee — especially in warm, humid storage conditions.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.

Classified by IARC as Group 1 — carcinogenic to humans. Strong evidence.