Reference summary — not medical advice or a personal risk estimate.
Schistosoma haematobium
Group 1 — carcinogenic to humansInfectionsbiologicalEvidence: sufficient_in_humans
Summary
A parasitic flatworm in freshwater in parts of Africa and the Middle East. Associated with bladder cancer.
Detail
Schistosoma haematobium infection is Group 1 with sufficient evidence for bladder cancer. People become infected when swimming or wading in contaminated fresh water. Antiparasitic drugs treat infection.
Regional relevance
africamiddle_east
regional
Sources
Primary sources
Consumer references
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- California Prop 65 list
State of California's list of chemicals known to cause cancer or reproductive harm.