Reference summary — not medical advice or a personal risk estimate.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
Group 1 — carcinogenic to humansInfectionsbiologicalEvidence: sufficient_in_humans
Summary
Chronic infection with HBV is associated with liver cancer. Risk is substantially reduced by vaccination.
Detail
Chronic HBV infection is Group 1 with sufficient evidence for liver cancer. Transmitted via blood, sexual contact, and mother-to-child at birth. WHO recommends universal infant HBV vaccination as part of the routine immunisation schedule; most countries now follow this recommendation.
Regional relevance
global
global
Sources
Primary sources
Supporting sources
- ECDC — ECDC — Communicable diseases and cancer risk (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control)
- Canadian Cancer Society — Canadian Cancer Society — Reduce your risk
- ACS — ACS — Known and Probable Human Carcinogens
- Cancer Research UK — Cancer Research UK — Causes of cancer and reducing your risk
- IARC / WHO — European Code Against Cancer — European Code Against Cancer (5th edition) — 14 ways you can help prevent cancer
- NTP — NTP — Report on Carcinogens (US National Toxicology Program)
Consumer references
Third-party tools some readers use alongside primary evidence. Meyron doesn't endorse them; we link them because you'll otherwise hit them anyway.
- California Prop 65 list
State of California's list of chemicals known to cause cancer or reproductive harm.