All risk factors
Every entry cites at least one primary source. Group 3 (not classifiable) and Group 4 (probably not carcinogenic) are hidden by default — toggle them in if you want the full IARC list.
- IARC Group 1Combined menopausal hormone therapyMedications & Medical
Prescription medication. Used to manage menopausal symptoms.
- IARC Group 1Combined oral contraceptivesMedications & Medical
Prescription medication. Most widely used reversible contraceptive worldwide.
- IARC Group 1Ionizing radiation (X-rays and gamma rays)Medications & Medical
Whole-body radiation. Medical imaging (CT scans, X-rays, certain treatments), some occupations (radiology, nuclear industry, flight crew), and rare environmental sources.
- IARC Group 1AzathioprineMedications & Medical
Prescription medication. Taken after organ transplant or for some autoimmune conditions to suppress the immune system.
- IARC Group 1Ciclosporin (cyclosporine)Medications & Medical
Prescription medication. Taken after organ transplant or for some autoimmune conditions to suppress the immune system.
- IARC Group 1Diethylstilbestrol (DES)Medications & Medical
Historical medication. Prescribed to some pregnant women between roughly 1940 and the early 1970s; no longer prescribed for pregnancy anywhere. Some exposures persist in adult children and grandchildren of those who took it.
- IARC Group 1HydrochlorothiazideMedications & Medical
Prescription medication. A common diuretic ("water pill") used to treat high blood pressure.
- IARC Group 1TamoxifenMedications & Medical
Prescription medication. Used to treat hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer.
- IARC Group 2ABischloroethyl nitrosourea (BCNU)Medications & Medical
Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.
- IARC Group 2AChloral hydrateMedications & Medical
Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.
- IARC Group 2ANitrogen mustardMedications & Medical
Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.
- IARC Group 2APioglitazoneMedications & Medical
Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.
- IARC Group 1Fission products, including strontium-90Medications & Medical
Radiation exposure. Historical medical use, occupational (nuclear industry, radiology), or environmental contamination.
- IARC Group 1Methyl-CCNUMedications & Medical
Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.
- IARC Group 1Phosphorus-32, as phosphateMedications & Medical
Radiation exposure. Historical medical use, occupational (nuclear industry, radiology), or environmental contamination.
- IARC Group 1PlutoniumMedications & Medical
Radiation exposure. Historical medical use, occupational (nuclear industry, radiology), or environmental contamination.
- IARC Group 1Radium-224 and its decay productsMedications & Medical
Radiation exposure. Historical medical use, occupational (nuclear industry, radiology), or environmental contamination.
- IARC Group 1Radium-226 and its decay productsMedications & Medical
Radiation exposure. Historical medical use, occupational (nuclear industry, radiology), or environmental contamination.
- IARC Group 1Radium-228 and its decay productsMedications & Medical
Radiation exposure. Historical medical use, occupational (nuclear industry, radiology), or environmental contamination.
- IARC Group 2BAmsacrineMedications & Medical
Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.
- IARC Group 2BAzaserineMedications & Medical
Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.
- IARC Group 2BDacarbazineMedications & Medical
Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.
- IARC Group 2BDantron (Chrysazin; 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone)Medications & Medical
Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.
- IARC Group 2BDaunomycinMedications & Medical
Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.
- IARC Group 2BDigoxinMedications & Medical
Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.
- IARC Group 2BGriseofulvinMedications & Medical
Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.
- IARC Group 2BIron-dextran complexMedications & Medical
Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.
- IARC Group 2BMedroxyprogesterone acetateMedications & Medical
Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.
- IARC Group 2BMerphalanMedications & Medical
Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.
- IARC Group 2BMetallic implants prepared as thin smooth filmsMedications & Medical
Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.
- IARC Group 2BMethylthiouracilMedications & Medical
Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.
- IARC Group 2BMetronidazoleMedications & Medical
Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.
- IARC Group 2BMitomycin CMedications & Medical
Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.
- IARC Group 2BMitoxantroneMedications & Medical
Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.
- IARC Group 2BNafenopinMedications & Medical
Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.
- IARC Group 2BNiridazoleMedications & Medical
Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.
- IARC Group 2BNitrogen mustard N-oxideMedications & Medical
Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.
- IARC Group 2BOxazepamMedications & Medical
Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.
- IARC Group 2BPanfuran S (containing dihydroxymethylfuratrizine)Medications & Medical
Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.
- IARC Group 2BPentosan polysulfate sodiumMedications & Medical
Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.
- IARC Group 2BPhenazopyridine hydrochlorideMedications & Medical
Breathed and on skin. Industrial solvent — occupational exposure in cleaning, degreasing, and chemical manufacturing.
- IARC Group 2BPhenobarbitalMedications & Medical
Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.
- IARC Group 2BPhenolphthaleinMedications & Medical
Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.
- IARC Group 2BPhenoxybenzamine hydrochlorideMedications & Medical
Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.
- IARC Group 2BPhenytoinMedications & Medical
Prescription medication. Risk relates to exposure from medical use.
- IARC Group 2BPrimidoneMedications & Medical
Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.
- IARC Group 2BProgestinsMedications & Medical
Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.
- IARC Group 2BProgestogen-only contraceptivesMedications & Medical
Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.
- IARC Group 2BPropylthiouracilMedications & Medical
Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.
- IARC Group 2BStreptozotocinMedications & Medical
Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.
- IARC Group 2BSulfasalazineMedications & Medical
Listed by IARC mainly as an industrial or research chemical. Where people are exposed has not been written up here; see the IARC Monograph.